The challenges of scientific truth and belief systems
Introduction The bedrock of science is not observation—not even mathematics. It is axioms. Gödel proved that any formal system complex enough to encode arithmetic contains truths it cannot prove. Cubitt et al. later showed that even whether a quantum system has an energy gap can be undecidable. These results are not abstract curiosities; they impose fundamental limits on what science can ever know. This blog explores those limits and what they mean for how we should think about scientific truth....